FASCISM AND FINANCIAL CRISIS

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            FASCISM AND FINANCIAL CRISIS

INTRODUCTION   

                Italian fascism was rooted in Italian nationalism, national federalism, revolutionary nationalism, and the desire to restore and expand Italian territories, which Italian fascists deemed necessary for a nation to assert its superiority and strength. Fascism is the product of the First World War. Here are the characteristics of fascism. Opposition to socialism

 FASCISM AND FINAL CRISIS

MUSSOLINI& FASCISM

The economic growth in the United States was not affected by the war. Therefore, the European nation managed to obtain a loan from the United States. As a result, the US dollar overtook the British pound as foreign base holding. Therefore, the United States of America emerged as a new economic power outside Europe.   The economic growth did not last long. There was an economic crisis of 1929, which originated in United States of America. It was a symbol of collectivism and power in ancient Rome.

 IMPACTS ON THIS ECONOMY:

 • People who became poor because of war, so they could not afford the commodities

• Goods were kept unsold in factories

• European nations failed to pay their debts to the United States

• Banks collapsed

• Inflation uncontrollable

• Acute unemployment and poverty

                          European countries adopted a strategy to overcome this crisis is heavy taxation of colonies. Hence the economic crisis, Imperialist nations became a burden to the colonies.

'BLACK THURSDAY'. The Stock market crash in New York Stock Exchange on 24 October 1929 is known as the 'Black Thursday'. The crash wiped out in a single day the entire economic growth till then. In a panic, investors rushed to sell their stocks, which led to a massive volume of stock trades. Ultimately, this led to an abrupt and dramatic price decline. The Great Depression that left a disastrous impact on both America and European nations followed the crash. Many lost their wealth and those who couldn't bear the loss, committed suicide. The production rate plunged; unemployment became grave and world trade completely collapsed.

 FASCISM   The term 'fascism' is derived from the Latin word 'faces ‘which means 'a tied bundle' of the rod, with a protruding the axe'. It was a symbol of collectivism and power in ancient Rome.

Symbol of Fascism

       THE GREAT DICTATOR ‘This is from Charlie Chaplin's film 'THE GREAT DICTATOR'. This was CHARLIE CHAPLIN'S view on the dictatorship that became prevalent in some European nations after the First World War. “To those who can hear me, I say - do not despair. The misery that is now upon us is but the passing of greed - the bitterness of men who fear human progress. The hate of men will pass, and dictators die, and the power they took from the people will return to the people. And so long as men live, liberty will never perish.”

          FASCISM AND NASICISM   Let’s see the circumstances which led to the formation of such Governments. World War I devastated both allies. Many European governments lost their power. People were in misery. Unemployment, poverty, and Inflation crushed this entire system.  Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany came to power to Capitalize on political and economic chaos prevailing then. Economic destruction, rivalry against the victors, aimlessness, etc. helped these forces to grab power.

SIGNS OF FASCISM. Fascism is the product of the First World War. Here are the characteristics of fascism. Opposition to socialism. Opposing democracy. To make the nation proud. Behold the purity of caste and race. To justify war. Spread of aggressive nationalism. Bid farewell to the past. Education of ideologies through art, literature, and education. Military dictatorship. Destruction of political rivals.

 VICTORIOUS ITALY When the First World War broke out, Italy withdrew from the Triple Alliance and joined the British-French Alliance. Hence, by the end of the war, Italy was with the victors

MUSSOLINI AND FASCISM .These are the words of Benito Mussolini, who led the fascist Rule in Italy. Let us discuss the circumstances under which The Fascist Party came to power in Italy.

• Italy got nothing, although it was with the victors First World War.

• Destruction of industries after the war, unemployment, Increase in taxes, inflation, etc. Kept people away from Government.

• Industrialists, afraid of going to Italy socialism, inspired to support fascism.

      BLACK SHIRTS Mussolini resorted to autocratic measures in the political and economic spheres of Italy. Violence and cruelty were Fascist Strategies.  The leader of socialism, Peasants, and laborers were declared as the enemy of the country, anti-fascism. Those who opposed the Fascist party were executed... Mussolini's goal was to restore the ancient Roman Empire. As part of this, he adopted many symbols of ancient Roman administration. Using his Military force the ‘Black’ Shirts', Mussolini repressed opponents through fascist policies. His aggressive foreign policy led him to conquer countries like Ethiopia, Albania, etc. Italy's race for dictatorship paved the way for the outbreak of another war.

BLACK SHIRTS

MATTEOTTI,He was an eminent socialist thinker of Italy. He elucidated fascist activities to common people and openly spoke out against Mussolini and Fascism. This provoked the fascists, which ultimately led to his murder on the street.

NEO-FASCISM.   Neo-fascism usually includes ultranationalism, racial supremacy, populism, authoritarianism, nativism, xenophobia, and anti-immigration sentiment as well as opposition to liberal democracy, parliamentarianism, liberalism, Marxism, communism, and socialism.

        

                           In this blog, I detailed 'black Thursday's, fascism, the great dictator, fascism and nazism signs of fascism, Mussolini and Fascism, black’ shirts', Maettotti, Neo-fascism. In the next blog, I will explain the full details of FASCISM, NAZISM Etc...

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini/Rise-to-power

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FIRST WORLD WAR

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            INTRODUCTION World War I started in 1914 and ended in 1918. During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (Central Empires) fought Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States. Combined Power). Thanks to new military technology and the horrors of canal warfare, World War I brought unprecedented levels of genocide and destruction. When the war ended and the United States declared victory, over 16 million people — soldiers and civilians alike — were killed.

               WHAT IS COLONIZATION      Colonisation is aIndustrial Transformation that is industrial revolution which began in the eighteenth century. It spread slowly from England to other European countries. Capitalists have invested in industry and manufacturing expanded. This increased their profits. An economic system in which production and distribution is controlled by the goal of maximizing profits is known as Capitalism. The arrival of large industries was improved great investment. Many nations produced more rather than what they needed and more than they could do settling in their domestic markets. This overproduction has forced them to seek markets. Search markets in industrialized countries in Europe led competition between them. Europeans had already established trade relations with Asians, African and Latin American countries. Exercising political and military power power, European countries exploit these nations economically. Later, they became colonies in European lands. This process it is called Colonization

         TRIPLE ALLIANCE AND THE TRIPLE ENTENTE    Conflicts between the imperialist powers eventually led to a world war. Let's find out why. European nations competed for colonies. This rivalry led to a bitter feud between them and a breach of trust and animosity between them. This prompted the nations to sign military alliances.  The alliances are the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente .the Triple Alliance include Germany Austria Hungary Italy and Triple Entente alliance includes England France Russia

triple entnte,tritriple  alliance,Balkans

AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM.   The formation of such alliances created a state of war in Europe. They began to produce and buy lethal weapons. European nations used various tactics to succeed in their monarchy. Violent nationalism was one of them. This is also known as AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM.

PAN-SLAV,PAN-GERMAN,REVENGE MOVEMNTS European nations used aggressive nationalism to invade other lands. Angry nationalists considered their nations to be superior and justified any actions of their nations. Various movements in Europe such as the Pan-slave, the Pan-German, Revenge movement were the sprout of an aggressive nationalism.

The Russian Movement wanted to unite the Slavic peoples of Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, etc. in Eastern Europe. Under his leadership. As a result, the Pan-Slav Movement was formed with the help of Russia.

Pan-German Movement Establishing its rule in Central Europe and the Balkan provinces, Germany plans to unite Teutoanic people. The Pan-German movement became under German leadership.Which were under French control. To rediscover these areas, Revenge Movement was founded under French leadership.

 MOROCCAN  BALKAN crisis The imperialist war plunged Europe into a series of catastrophes, including the Moroccan catastrophe and the Balkan crisis as a major issue.

IMPERIALIST CRISIS MOROCCAN CRISIS

.A secret agreement was signed between Britain and France in 1904.According to this, Britain saw France's claim to Morocco. The French claim on Morocco was opposed by Germany which sent warships to the Moroccan port, Agadir. France agreed to transfer part of the French Congo to Germany and Germany agreed to allow Morocco to France. So the problem was temporarily solved. However, their competition continued.

BALKAN CRISIS   The Balkan region is located in Europe, near the Aegean Sea and the Black Sea. It was part of the Ottoman Empire. In 1912, the Balkan League (Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro) defeated Turkey. However, tensions between the Balkan League in the sharing of military benefits led to the dissolution of the Balkan League and resulted in wars between them.

  END OF WORLD WAR  Meanwhile, young Serbian Gaverilo Prinsep assassinated Francis Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne in the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo, in July 1914. Austria charged Serbia with it and declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. The United Nations immediately rushed. to help partners. Almost all the nations of the world were directly involved in it, either directly or indirectly. This war is therefore known as the First World War World War I ended in 1918

WORLD WAR 1-COUNTRIES

RESULTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR produce far-reaching effects everywhere the earth.These are the          following

• More than 10 million people lost their lives or were injured in battle.

• Agriculture, industry and communication system it is destroyed.

• Increased poverty, unemployment and inflation.

• European economic domination has declined.

• Liberation movements in Asia and Africa confirmed.

• In an effort to bring world peace, the  LEAGUE OF NATIONS formed.

THE QUEST FOR PEACE

A peace conference was convened in Paris in 1919 to discuss the post-war situation, under the leadership of the victorious allies, Britain and France. They signed separate treaties with conquered nations.Among these agreemaents, the Treaty of Versailles was signed with Germany 1919 was a significant year. According to this agreement, German the colonies were divided between the conquering kingdoms and forced to pay large sums of money as payment for war. Partners take  rich German mines. Above all, it was charged with war in Germany and disarmed

  END OF THE WORLD WAR 1.First World War ended with the Treaty of Versailles after Germany's surrender. The war claimed 9 to 13 million lives and caused unprecedented damage. The United States did not sign the treaty because it violated its terms. In particular, the US did not want to become part of the League of Nations. The US wanted secession after WWI, fearing that if it became part of the League of Nations, it would drag them into a war of attrition that they did not want to take part in. theirfore US Senate refused to sign agreement. The US negotiated its agreement with Germany in 1921.

 WAR ON CELLULOID/ FILIM

'Grand Illusion', one of the best war films directed by Jean Renoir tells the story of French prisoners duringFirst World War. The prints of 'Grand Illusion' were destroyed by the Nazis but were discovered later. 'All Quiet on the Western Front ‘directed by Lewis Milestone and Stanley Kubrick's 'Paths of Glory' are visual manifestations of the First World War.

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SOURCE OF BUSINESS FINANCE

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                                         SOURCE OF BUSINESS FINANCE

                  Introduction:    It provides an overview of the blog different sources of money can also be bought to start running a business. It also discusses the advantages of various sources and factors that determine one's a suitable source of trade finance. This is important for anyone who wants to start a business to know about different sources where money can be raised. It this also important to know relative properties and sources so that choice of a suitable source can be made

                               MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF SOURCE OF BUSINESS FINANCE:  Essential finance for businesses to set up and run their operations is known as business finance. No business can function without sufficient funds to undertake various undertakings activities. Money is required for the purchase of fixed assets (fixed capital) requirements, to run day-to-day operations (working capital requirement), and to undertake growth and expansion plans in a business organization.

CLASSIFICATION OF SOURCES OF FUNDS: Various sources of funds available for a business can be classified according to three major bases, which are:

(i)                   Time period (long, medium, and short term),

(ii)                  Ownership (owner's fund.)and borrowed funds, and

(iii)                The source of production (internal sources and external sources).

 LONG, MEDIUM AND SHORT-TERM SOURCES OF FINANCE: Sources that provide funds for a period of more than 5 years are called long-term sources. A source that meets the financial requirements for a period exceeding one year but not more than 5 years are called medium-term sources and those sources which the provision of funds for a period of more than one year is called short terms source.

OWNER'S FUNDS AND BORROWED FUNDS: Owner's funds refer to the fund which is provided by the owners of an enterprise. Borrowed capital, on the other hand, refers to money that is generated by way of loan or borrowing from another person or institution.

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES: The internal sources of capital are generated within the business, such as through the retained profits. On the other hand, external sources of capital are those which are arranged from outside such as finance provided by suppliers, lenders, and investors.

SOURCES OF BUSINESS FINANCE: Sources of money available for business includes retained earnings, business credit, factoring, lease financing, public deposits, commercial paper, and the issue of shares and debentures commercial banks, financial institutions, and international sources of finance.

RETAINED INCOME: This is part of the company's net income. Earnings not distributed as dividends are known as retained earnings. An amount of available retained earnings depend on the company's dividend policy. This is usually used for the growth and expansion of the company.

Trade Credit: Credit given by one trader to another for purchasing goods or services are known as trade credit.  Trade credits provide a business loan purchase facility supplied on credit. Business loan terms vary by industry to industry.

FACTORING: Factoring has emerged as a popular source of short-term funds in India in recent years. It is a financial service whereby the factor is responsible for all providing credit control and debt recovery from the buyer and protection against any bad credit loss to the firm. There are two methods of factoring- recourse and non-recourse factoring.

LEASE FINANCING: A lease is a contractual agreement under which the owner of the property (the lessee) gives the other party (the lessor) the right to use the property. The lessee makes periodic payments to let the property outside for some specified period, the term is called the lease rent.

PUBLIC DEPOSIT: A company can raise money by inviting the public to make a deposit.  The deposit can take care of both longtime and short-term financial needs of the business. The interest rate on deposits is generally higher than what is offered by banks and other financial institutions.

COMMERCIAL PAPER (CP): It is an unsecured promissory note issued by a firm that usually ranges from 90 days to 364 days. Being unsecured, only those firms which have good credit ratings can issue CP and its regulation comes under the Reserve Bank of India.

ISSUANCE OF EQUITY SHARES: Equity Shares represent the owned capital of the company. Because of their fluctuating earnings, equity shareholders are called Company's risk carriers. These shareholders enjoy high returns from the company during the prosperity period. They have voting rights in the management of the company

ISSUE OF PREFERENCE SHARES: These confer a preferential right to the share shareholders in respect of payment of income and repayment of Capital. Investors who prefer stable income without taking on high risk prefer these stocks. A company can issue different types of preference shares.

ISSUANCE OF DEBENTURES: Debentures represent the debt capital of a company and the holders of the debentures are the creditors. These are fixed-charged funds which has a fixed interest rate. Issuance of debentures is suitable when the company's sales and earnings are relatively stable.

COMMERCIAL BANKS: Banks provide short and medium-term loans to firms in every size. The loan is repaid either in a lump sum or in installments. The interest charged by the bank depends on factors including characteristics of the borrowing firm and the level of interest rates in the economy.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Established by both Central and State Governments. Many financial institutions across the country to provide industrial finance to companies engaged in the business.  This is also called the development Bank. This source of financing is considered suitable when there are large funds it is necessary for the expansion, restructuring, and modernization of the enterprise.

INTERNATIONAL FINANCING: With the liberalization and globalization of the economy, Indian companies have started raising funds from international markets. International sources from which funding can be obtained include foreign currency (FCNR) loans from commercial banks. Financial assistance provided by international agencies and development banks, and issuance of financial instruments in International Capital Markets (GDR/ADR/FCCB).

FACTORS INFLUENCING CHOICE: Effective evaluation of various sources should be established by the business to achieve its main objectives. Choose the source of business finance depends upon factors like cost, financial soundness, risk profile, tax benefits and flexibility to receive funds. Need these factors the analysis should be done simultaneously while taking the decision for the choice of suitable Source.

                             In this blog, I explained in detail all aspects of the source of business finance.

This is useful for the civil service aspirants and all other higher secondary students also. If anything is missed in this may be a  comment in the comment box. I wish all my readers once again. My HAPPY CHRISTMAS to all my valued readers…thank you

CHINESE REVOLUTION

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                                           CHINESE REVOLUTION

 THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA The  People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded on October 1, 1949. However, a test of Chinese communism cannot begin. It must have started about 30 years earlier because the previous years formed the PRC as a Communist state. Chinese Communism had a remarkable continuation of leadership. Mao Zedong (W-G: Mao tse-Tung, 1893-1976) and his colleagues were members of the group in the 1920s. Mao was instrumental in establishing the first Chinese Communist Party in 1928-34. He stopped developing and developing a military and political strategy in the Yenan years 1935-45 that won the 1949 civil war. Tan continued to form Communist China and ruled it - in his last years at least in the name - until then. his death in September 1976.

              

Mao tse-Tung

 In the 20th century, China saw a revolution in foreign domination and sovereignty. The power of European colonies as well the United States adopted policies in China, which were different from its own used in colonies in other parts of the world. Their policies are OPIUM TRADE and OPEN DOOR policy.

OPIUM TRADE Chinese silk, tea, and pottery were in great demand everywhere in Europe. China made huge profits from exports things. There was nothing that could be imported into China from Europe. So the European traders were at a huge loss. As a result of this loss, British traders imported opium, an intoxicating substance in China. This has affected Chinese trade and its exploitation the Chinese people are not mentally balanced. It resulted in the economy and the psychological humiliation of the Chinese.

         OPEN DOOR POLICY At the end of the nineteenth century, several European countries acquired trading rights in China. America could not find the right as it did not care about China at the time. To get this right, John Hey, then-Secretary of State at that time USA has announced 'open door policy. According to this policy, America fought for equal rights and opportunities for all countries Chinese market. China was divided into different regions to be controlled by various countries. The main aim of the policy was to get an opportunity to USA to interfere with China 

    BOXER REBELLION The Manchu dynasty in China prefers foreign intervention and domination. Some secret societies in China rebelled it in 1900. The symbol of these organizations was Boxer's fist.So this is known as the Boxer Rebellion. Although this rebellion was a failure, triggered changes that later emerged. In 1911, another change took place under the leadership of Dr Sun Yat-Sen. against the Manchu Dynasty . This ended the monarchy in China. After the revolution, the Kuomintang group founded the government of the Republic of South China under the leadership of Sun Yat-Sen.  He emphasized the importance of ideas such as nationalism, democracy, and socialism

  IDEOLOGIES OF SUN YAT SEN 

Nationalism - To expel the Manchu dynasty and the imperial powers

SUN YAT SEN 

 Democracy - To establish democratic rule, Socialism      - To control capital and distribute land equally.

         He wanted to maintain equality with western countries. At same time he decided to break the unjust agreements reached with the countries also . The Republic of Kuomintang welcomes the progress of the and industry. China received assistance from Russia in various fields and the Communist Party of China was formed.  Later the Kuomintang and the communists allied themselves. But the alliance was disrupted when Chiang Kai Shek became the head of the republic following the death of the Sun.

                Chiang Kai-shek traces military autocracy in China. He gave Opportunity for foreign powers, including the US, to intervene free in China and did not cooperate with the communists. Coal and iron Industry, banking and foreign trade were all controlled by foreign countries. Communists opposed    Chiang Kai-shek policy. They were brutally repressed. Mao Zedong at that time reached the leadership of the Communist Party. In 1934, Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the journey started from Qiangsi of South China. The adventure trip ends in Yan'an of Northwest China. During the journey, he confiscated agricultural land and distributed it from the lords to the villages and among the farmers. This journey is about 12000 kms. Hence it is known as 'Long'March'. So Mao Zedong and the Communist Party became

https://cpim.org/content/lessons-chinese-revolution

   Chiang Kai-shek 

Symbol of the struggle of the Chinese against a foreign power. Chiang Kai-shek had to seek political asylum in Taiwan when the Red Army Mao Zedong captured the center of Kuomintang rule. China on 1 October 1949, the People's Republic of China became Mao Zedong's leadership. The Revolution of 1911 was a major victory because it overthrew the Qing Empire, overthrew China for more than 2,000 years and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. The 1911 Revolution liberated the minds of the Chinese people.9867

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FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE/LITERACY

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FINANCIAL EDUCATION

   MEANING OF   FINANCIAL   KNOWLEDGE

What do you understand by Financial Literacy or Financial Knowledge?. Financial knowledge is the ability to understand and apply various financial skills, including managing personal finances, budgeting, and investing. Financial literacy is the foundation of your relationship with money, and it is a lifelong learning journey.                                                 

We go to schools, colleges, universities to complete our educated and start earning our livelihood. We take up jobs, practise professions or start our own businesses so that we can earn money to make our living. But which of these institutions make us capable of managing our own hard-earned money? .Our ability to  the effectively manage our money by drawing systematic budgets, paying off our debts, making buying and selling decisions and ultimately becoming financially self-sustainable is non as financial literacy.

BASIC FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE. Financial knowledge basics explain bank accounts, Online and Mobile Banking, Credit Cards, Credit Cards, Cheque, PAN Card, ATM awareness, Loans, Investment and Insurance, Taxes, Interest, Budgeting, Debt Management, Identifying theft protection,  Savings, and Financial Goals. Financial knowledge means a lot of skills that you can apply when choosing what to do with your money.

  FINANCIAL SKILLS .There are five basic skills in financial knowledge/literacy:  They are

1.  Acquisition,
2. Storage&Investment
3. Spending 
4. Borrowing,
5. Security 

        HOW TO  IMPROVE FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE  SKILLS
      Financial knowledge can be increased by the following 

 1). Actually, Stick to a Budget. 2). Stop Spending Your Whole Paycheque. 3). Get Real About Your Financial Goals. 4). Educate Yourself About Your Student Loans. ..5). Figure Out Your Debt Situation. 6). Establish a Strong Emergency Fund.7). Don't Forget Retirement

 FINANCIAL  KNOWLEDGE  STUDY FROM BEGINNING STAGE     Financial Learning about children of all ages amidst the small decisions of making financial decisions in the real world. Schools teach students how to use cash. However, they are no longer learning how to save money and use it to achieve their dreams. As college students discover ways to save money, pensions, taxes, and Social Security. They will know better what to do with their money

study from the beginning stag

  KNOWLEDGE OF INVESTMENT       Financial knowledge is essential to the normal aspects of life in today's society. These are loans, credit cards, investments, and health insurance. Financial literacy consists of a few financial appendages and skills that allow people to manage money and debt. The purpose of teaching financial information is to help people develop a solid knowledge of the basic concepts of money and how to manage their money.

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA AND FINANCIAL LITERACY.

Reserve bank of  India has initiated the following steps to promote financial knowledge/literacy.

 a)Pedagogy of Financial Education. b)Capacity building in educational institutions as well among NGOs:c)Training programs for trainers.d) Banks and financial institutions play a role in this promoting financial literacy.e)Bank and financial acceptance of school institutions.f)Visual classes

                         

Financial literacy syllabus included in Schools and Colleges. Banking Ombudsman Scheme introduced. Junior scholars Programs and Banking Codes and Standards Board of India formed. Target groups are rural people, urban poor, Children/students Women  Older citizens defense persons..Financial Inclusion, the opening of Zero balance accounts in banks, No frill accounts, are set up by the Reserve bank of India to promote financial literacy. Reserve bank of India introduced a Multilingual Website for the common people. It is in thirteen languages Financial Education Page on the RBI website introduced • Multilingual learning materials implemented in the website. Comicbooks, educational games were introduced. Comic books are becoming popular among children even among adults • 

AWARNESS PROGRAMME

           Films, theaters, street show - Participating in shows - financial education for Financial Education Camps in remote areas -outreach visits. Essay / Quiz Competitions.Visits by schoolchildren to RBI - Financial Counseling and Literacy Centers - Talks on Radio / Television, etc.

 FINANCIAL KNOWLEDGE OF LOSS, RISK, PROFIT.  Financial knowledge is the integration of finances, credit points.  How much debt management knowledge is important in order to make the right choices and choices that are important in our daily lives. The purpose of financial information is to create a sense of management over your price range, to use cash as a tool of choice, and to build a proud lifestyle. Effective cash management involves spending money to achieve private dreams and personal goals that may range from normal spending to long-term economy. When we purchased goods for reselling and sold them less than the original price/purchase price, it is called loss, and sold it more than the original price/purchase price it is called profit. A person who takes a business without looking for loss or profit, maybe profit is presumed that is a risk. Risk is bearing uncertainty.

 

FINANCIAL  KNOWLEDGE

FINANCIAL LITERACY AND LIFE PLANNING.US research show that employees can improve their participation in 401 programs (okay), a type of retirement plan with unique tax benefits that allow employees to buy and invest in retirement if employers offer financial education packages in the form of brochures and seminars. By using public awareness, healthy students can create a high-value credit limit during their study time and save millions of dollars on all their debts. Make sure that borrowing is done by understanding interest costs, combined recreational activities, and current financial costs, the last two are basic financial principles that say money is more valuable within a gift than the same amount you will receive in the future.

 

FINANCIAL STUDY IN INDIA.Literacy is a basic and critical skill that everyone should have. But in India, talking about finances at home is not uncommon, and many do not have the basics to manage money, whether it be savings, investing, buying insurance, or emergency. The importance of savings and investment is an important factor that should be addressed from the outset. This will help one to understand the law of golden investment- starting early. Financial literacy is one factor that determines the economic growth of a developing nation like India.

                                      According to a global survey conducted by Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (S&P), India is home to 17.5 percent of the world’s population, but about 76 percent of its adults do not even understand basic financial concepts. Not only will it help you to build long-term wealth but it will also protect you and your family in the event of an emergency.

                 In conclusion of the article, Financial knowledge can enable an individual to make up a popular companion to distinguish what he buys, what he spends, and what he owes. This subject also influences entrepreneurs, who incredibly add to fiscal development and the strength of our frugality. Fiscal knowledge helps people in getting independent cash transaction capacity. It empowers you with introductory knowledge of investment options, fiscal requests, capital budgeting, etc.

 

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RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

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KARAL MAX

Russian Revolution - what was it and why did it happen?. That is the subject of the blog. The Russian Revolution was actually a series of revolutions in Russia during 1917. They eventually led to the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II and the formation of a Communist regime. We need to understand that the Russian Revolution did not happen overnight. It was preceded by years of civil unrest. Let us go to the blog and read about some events that laid the groundwork for the 1917 Russian Revolution.

                     MAXIM GORKY          These words are one of the characters in the book 'MOTHER ‘Written by the famous Russian author Maxim Gorky. The tragedy of Russian workers farmers and their intentions are reflected in the book.  That we can see this in Russian society. Their demands are

ü  Destroy the private property system

ü  Everyone must work.

            CAUSES OF REVOLUTION What are the factors that encouraged them to demand the above factors. Farmers and factory workers in Russia are living a miserable life under totalitarian regimes of the Tsarist rulers, who ruled Russia. Agricultural production was very low.So the farmer's income is also low. Landless farmers had to pay high taxes. Russia was rich in natural resources, but its industrial production was low. The majority of the industries are controlled by foreigners.

             BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN A silent film directed by Sergey Eisenstein based on the events of the Russian Tsarist empire.This film is a political rebellion of unsatisfied sailors of the Potemkin warship. TEN DAYS THAT SHOOK THE WORLD is famous work of JOHN REED is also a film, directed by SergyEisteien

              SOCIAL AND POLITICAL THINKERS             Authors like Maxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy, Ivan Turgenev, and Anton Chekov expressed the grief of workers and farmers in their writings. The ideologies of Marx and Engels and their works inspired the workers. They advised workers for establishing the supremacy of workers instead of that by capitalists. The root of the theory states social change is supported in the existing mode of production That is bourgeoisie or capitalist and proletariat or workers.  A struggle between social classes.  A class-less society. Replacing private ownership into cooperative ownership. Toil is the most important feature of the product. Based on the Marxist principles they formed a new party called SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC WORKERS PARTY. Later this party was divided into Mensheviks (minority) and Bolsheviks (majority). Bolshevik leaders were Lenin as well as Trotsky. Alexander Kerensky led the Mensheviks group.

                 Russia-Japan war in 1905. Russia was defeated in the Russian-Japan war in 1905. The crisis reached worse in Russia. The workers demanded political rights and economic changes. The workers organized a large march at Petrograd in9 January 1905. The soldiers fired the march and many workers died on the march. This event is known as BLOODY SUNDAY. The workers union in Russia is known as SOVIET. The Soviets were built all over Russia to carry on strikes. When the strikes became big power, the emperor was compelled to form a new Legislative assembly called DUMA.

LARAL MAX ,ENGELS, LENIN

.            NICHOLAS 11 &FIRST WORLD WAR                           Ignoring a protest from Duma, Nicholas II, the emperor decided to take part in the First World War in 1914.  A large number of Russian soldiers were killed in this battle. Food shortages become very severe at that time. Thousands of women marched on the streets of Petrograd crying for food.The soldiers and workers become clashes . Later they joined to the workers.

      FEBRUARY REVOLUTION  It was a painful experience during World War I that they urged them to do so. Workers captured Petrograd and Nicholas II were thrown out from power. A provisional government was organized under Alexander Kerensky, Menshevik leader. Since the Russian calendar was a few days back international calendar, this revolution took place in March but known as February Revolution. The Soviets did not allow the provisional government. Vladimir

LENIN

Lenin, who was in Switzerland, he came to Russia and strongly resisted the provisional government. He objected that all power must be transferred to the Soviets if they could understand the goals of change. Bolsheviks and the Soviets supported him. They only spread that a labor government (workers) can only eradicate centuries-old economic downturns and inequalities .They demanded

v  Withdrew Russia from the First World War.

v  Take the   lands from land lords and divide them to farmers.

v   Making factories into public property.

           OCTOBER REVOLUTION  The Bolsheviks group organized a rebellion against the present government. Kerensky fled from the country and Russia came under Bolshevik rule. This event, in which the Bolsheviks gained power, is known as the October Revolution (In October 1917, according to the Russian Calendar). Later a Soviet conference was held and the new cabinet was organized. Lenin was the head.

        RESULTS OF REVOLUTION Let us examine the results of the Russian Revolution.

Ø  Russia withdrew from the First World War

Ø  They dispossess the land and divide it among the farmers

Ø  Give priority to the public sector

Ø  Introduces centralized planning

Ø  Achievements are progressing in the field of Science, Technology, and Economics.

Ø  The new constitution came into force in 1924.

Ø  The Union of the Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) was formed by a consolidation of different Soviet Republics.

Ø  Spread Socialist ideas around the world.

               CONCLUSION

             The Russian Revolution paved the way for the development of communism as a world-class political movement. It set the stage for the growth of the Soviet Union as a world power that would directly face the United States during the Cold War. It contributed too many things such as communism, socialism, democracy, economics, imperialism, nationalism, and most importantly the fragmentation of the world. First of all, Russia was the first country to establish a Communist government, and communism spread throughout the world.

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FRENCH REVOLUTION CAUSES AND RESULTS

                                   FRENCH REVOLUTION

                                    This article FRENCH REVOLUTION  describes the autocratic rulers of   France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The causes, results and effects are also mentioned. This is  mainly  useful for  the civil service aspirants   of high school students

                              The rulers of France in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were dictators squanders and autocrats. Their main power center wa VERASALIE PALACEs. Louis XIV said, ''I am the state. God has given absolute power to me to control my  subjects and only God has the authority to question him." Louis XV said that "after me, there will be a deluge".  Mary Antoinette said that "they can't eat bread, let them eat cake"

                        Many people lived in poverty.  Most of the people died due to hunger and malnutrition. The rulers lived a life of luxury. This situation was the result of social and economic inequality in France.

                                   French society was divided into three classes and they were known as the Estates. The first estate was clergymen. They owned large tracts of land and collected taxes called the Tithe. They were exempt from all taxes. They controlled administrative and military service.

                                  The Second Estate was known as Nobility. They participate in military activities. They collect various taxes from farmers. They insisted farmers to work without wages. They are exempt from taxes.  They lived luxurious life with great possessions.

                              The Third estates were the middle class. This includes traders, writers, bankers, farmers, and artisans. They have paid the land tax to the government known as  Taille..

           There are various political thinkers and intellectuals who have played an important role for inspiring people. They encouraged them aware of inequality and exploitation at that time. We can learn more about these thinkers and their inspiring ideas

                                              

   Voltai

VOLTAIRE

re mocked the abuse of the clergy. Developed rational thinking, principles of equality and personality.

MONTESQUIEQ

                                  Rousseau explained the importance of freedom in the statement, ‘Man is born free, but everywhere he is bound’. He proclaimed a human kingdom.

                                          Montesquieu Promoted Democracy.  The Republic propelled the separation of powers of the state into, legislature, the executive, and the judiciary.

ROUSSEAU.

                             The French Revolution causes were the extravagant, luxurious life of the Bourbon kings, priests, and emperors. The regular battles they fought.  Constant spells of drought and crop failure brought France to the brink of extinction.

                 Financial and military assistance provided to the American colonies during the American War Independence also exacerbated the financial crisis in France.

                               To impose new taxes on ordinary people, Louis XVI convened the States-General, a legislative assembly meeting for representatives from all three estates

                          In 1789. like the French community, General State had three estates.  In the meeting the first two estates demand the estate-wise single voting system and the third estates demand individual voting systems of all three estates. That is the first two estates demands only one vote for one estate each and no need of individual votes for each estate.But the third estate demands individuals vote for  all  three estates

                                      During the dispute, members of the Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly of France. They met at a nearby tennis court and swore not to leave until they drafted a new constitution for France. This event is known as'Oath of Tennis Court'. Let's discuss the following events with the help of the chart below.

                               The French Revolution started in 14 July 1789.The revolutionaries stormed with a slogan 'liberty, equality, and brotherhood' and demolished the Bastille prison, a symbol of the Bourbon monarchy. This event is considered as the commencement of French revolution. The French revolution timelines are below

                                                12 August 1789 The National Assembly declared the RIGHTS OF MAN AND OF THE CITIZENS

                                       October 1789 Thousands of women march from Paris to Versailles Palace with the motto 'Give us bread'.

                           September 1792 The National Convention, drafted under a new constitution, declared France a republic.

        French revolution results-Nationalism French revolution

1.   Ended the feudal system in Europe and threatened autocratic rulers
2. Proclaimed that a nation is not merely a region but the people.
3. Contributed the concept of people's sovereignty
4. Led to the emergence of nationalism
5. Helped the growth of the middle class
6. Spread the ideas of equality, liberty and fraternity
7.  Stimulated all the later revolutions in the world

                       The terror of the French Revolution. In July 1793 the Community Safety Committee was designed to control French internal affairs. Robespierre led the committee and members are Mirabeau, Danton, etc. Using guillotine they did mass murder of suspected enemies. Most of the officials and clergy, including Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were killed. Finally, Robespierre was also killed.  The reign lasted until July 1794. This is known as the region of terror.

                                                      French Revolution influenced India.Tipu Sultan, the Governor of Mysore. He handled the relations with the French as a combat strategy with English rule in India. He accepted the name Citizen Tipu.  He planted the tree of freedom at Sreerangapattanam, his capital. He also took membership in French Club, Jacobin.

                                         In this article  I  had mentioned the timeline of the French Revolution, social and economic inequality in France.Political and intectual thinkers,National assembly of France The date of the revolution,The effects of the revolution, The stratification of  French society is also mentioned, which is the Estates.I think this will be very useful for the civil service aspirant high school students